Brand new brother fixed effects establish 65% of adaptation inside knowledge inside shot
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Within our test you will find 676 siblings, off who 302 was in fact ple (while they come from a family group in which one or more girl is actually partnered early) enjoys fathers which have notably straight down academic attainment, will feel Muslim, and are generally expected to are now living in rural parts
If we discuss the fresh the total amount to which province and you will community repaired consequences need differences in public and you will financial drawback of the investigating their power to establish version inside instructional attainment, we discover that the community fixed effects identify more 31% from the variation, much more compared to the step 3% explained from the province repaired consequences. Almost all of the type are however in this villages.
I very first establish estimations one manage having state*time-trend FE right after which town*time-trend FE. We next go a step then because of the presenting overall performance in which we imagine sibling fixed outcomes patterns where the coefficients is estimated of comparisons from siblings, among which had married early in addition to almost every what makes Campo grande women beautiful other exactly who performed perhaps not. Which assessment regulation for everyone family relations qualities, both observable and you may unobservable, experienced by the sisters elizabeth.grams., nearest and dearest records. This not reduces this new try. These answers are for this reason best read to be appropriate to properties out-of so much more traditional and lower socio-financial homes. Footnote 10
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.